Good Governance Essay Example for Free

Good Governance EssayGood Governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transp arnt, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. But in that respect is one characteristic I like most, it is the obligation. Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the hugger-mugger sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the earth and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to who varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions.Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. Maybe some of you will ask why is accountability important to Governance? It is beca practise it evaluates the ongoing effectiveness of public officials or public bodies ensures that they are performing to their full potential, providing value for money in the provision of public services, instilling confidence in the government and world responsive to the community they are meant to be serving. Being accountable is also cosmos liable, responsible for every person that affects your decision. For example, me as a Student attractor we are here to serve students, to fight for their rights. Therefore, we must divvy up first the sake of the students before we make a decision. Because when we took our positions there is a corresponding province that we must face. Reproductive Health Bill informally known as the RH Bill, are proposed laws in the Republic of the Philippin es aiming to guarantee universal access to methods of contraception, birthrate control, sexual education, and maternal care.For sure you are wondering why this issue is in this essay, well I believe this issue is related on being accountable. Why? Did government even consider that our country is well known to be a religious country? That, in every time they use those contraceptives they are actually killing an innocent life? They always say that this is the only way to surpass, lessen poverty. But its actually wrong, do they consider the effect of this or should I say to they consider themselves accountable/liable for this? Corruption is definitely one of the problems seen by the citizen and the government as well. There cast been lots of controversies relative to government officials being involved with money issues. The thing is that even though there are hearings and investigations, the truth never seems to come outwhether its irresponsible or negative news. Poverty and employ ment would also be among the problems. There are more people that are going hungry. Government and Us are all accountable to it.Why? We as a citizen we can make a living among ourselves because at the end of the day we are still the device driver of our own life. But, as a citizen we voted those who are on the position now because we believe that they will minimize our burdens. At the point that we elect them they are already accountable. But after they got what they want all their promises turn to trash. They do things without even considering us. In the end, nothings happen. Accountability or being accountable can be achieved by putting and doing all our jobs in our hearts. Yes, its hard but we chose to be in this place all we need to do is face it effectively and do the best we can for the better. Dont be scared to commit mistakes because those are our experiences and lesson learned. Remember, think first before you make a decision.

Critical Incident Essay Example for Free

Critical Incident EssayIt was a cold friday afternoon as I sat at the bus stop waiting to mend home. I had but got out of an intense Friday shoot the breeze from the Northampton local Mosque. The Imam was furious and simply disgusted at the behavior of our generation. How do we live with ourselves Imam Aseem Ibrahim had said. Most of us have enough to move over ourselves and our family, even buy the latest gadgets just because we can but do we feed the poor? Do we clothed them? He said in anger as he chocked on the words. The lecture kept on playing in my head as I waited for the bus. It made me realize, we could do about good with the money we spend on some unnecessary things especially the ones we buy for ourselves to please others.Earlier, I had planned on buying the new Manchester United away jersey, but with what the Imam said, I dont hold I need it anymore. I could use at least half the money to do good for others. Just as I drift on my thoughts, I noticed a fish an d chips cart which reminded me of the breakfast and lunch I had missed. I had been staying up late studying that I forgot about a couple of meals. Dont starve yourself in the course of supply others. The Imam had said while giving his lectures. I starved myself but it wasnt because I was trying to feed anybody, I was just trying to catch up on loss time.I got up and got myself some fish and chips then sat back at the bus stop seats. As soon as I had the first swallow, I realized I could help poor people by feeding them delicious food with a reasonable amount of money. The food was relatively cheap. I smiled and continued to enjoy. Halfway through my meal, I saw a shrimpy Indian son with an elderly woman walking towards my direction. The boy smiled at me so I smiled and offered him my food. The little boy smiled again and shook his head. Are you certain(p)? He shook his head and stopped walking.Alright then. I went on with my meal.A few minutes later, the bus arrived and just as I motioned to get on it, the elderly woman furiously said some words to me in Hindu. I shrugged and got on the bus. When I arrived home, I found my roommate Taneem notice a Hindu movie. I noticed something weird as I watched a little with him. Why is the subtitle saying yes while the woman keeps shake her head? I asked. Because shaking your head is to Indians as nodding your head is to us. Shes saying yes. Taneem explained. Even though it was minutes after I had left the boy and the woman, I felt so embarrassed at what I did to the boy. My intentions were good, but it looked otherwise.

TTX and Genotoxicity of Diodon Hystrix Organs

TTX and Genotoxicity of genus genus Diodon Hystrix OrgansIdentification of TTX and Genotoxicity of Diodon hystrix OrgansAdwaid Manu K, Vignesh M., Riven ChocalingumAbstractTetrodotoxin is alkaloid based aquatic toxins. These toxins argon one of the most potent non-proteinaceous toxins as substantially as the best-known marine natural toxins. Diodon hystrix (porcupine seek) were collected from Chennai costal region and dissected under sterile conditions to take liver, skin, gonads, gut, look and kidney. 20g of each electric organ was macerated in 200ml of MethanolAcetic Acid 991. The filtrate is then(prenominal) condensed in Rota-Vaccum evaporator to obtain earthy extract. The focus of this study is to confirm the presence of TTX (Tetrodotoxin) in hexad different variety meat of Diodon hystrix. Analytical techniques used were GC-MS and UV spectroscopy. Also, genotoxicity of the crying(a) extract were analysed using human leukocyte culture and SCE assay using onion informan t tips. The results suggest the presence of TTX in major skin, liver and in interrogationine and that, the organ extract does not have any genotoxic effect notwith stand up is capable of increase the sister chromatid exchange.Key Words TTX, Diodon hystrix, genotoxicity, root tip assay.IntroductionTetrodotoxin (TTX) is a really powerful alkaloid neurotoxin that is non-proteinacious in nature. TTX can withstand very high temperature and is water soluble but is affected by extreme pH conditions, i.e., above 8.5 and below 3.0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. These properties make it a dangerous toxin capable to interact best with its environment 1, 2, 5. It is found in both aquatic as intumesce as terrestrial organisms and studies have proven that it is synthesized by symbiotic microorganisms, bacterium precisely, present in the gut, initially acquired through the food chain or found on the skin of the animals but its biosynthesis pathway is still little-known 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8. TTX acts as an ion p ore blocker, bindingto site 1 sodium channel receptor of the axon membrane thus inhibiting the influx of sodium ions and therefore pencil lead to the blockage of action potentials 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. TTX is ten thousand times poisonous than cyanide and one of the most fatal poisons on Earth. The LD50 is approximately 0.2g when injected in mice 2, 5. On the other hand, along with the lethal characteristics, clinical trials and research studies have demonstrated that TTX has remarkable therapeutic properties as an analgesic in cancer treatment attend to 2.Puffer search belonging to the order Tetraodontiformes, had been identified to be the cause of many mortalities due to food poisoning as a result of TTX intoxication. In many countries such as Japan and China, pufferfish fish is regarded as a food delicacy provided that it is prepared by a licensed and well experienced chef but some cases of poisoning still prevail 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. It has been reported that only a very low dose of TTXin blood is adapted for an immediate impact on the host 5. Studies have concluded that the most toxic organs of the puffer fish are the liver followed by the intestine and then the skin and ovary. In addition to that, TTX is also found in low concentration in other organs such as the eyes and muscles 3, 5, 8, 10.The study is focused on Diodon hystrix which is a type of puffer fish belonging to the class Diodontidae and it is also known as porcupine fish because of the sharp needle-like structures covering its entire body as a defense mechanism against predators. Presence of TTX has been reported in Diodon hystrix around the world 2, 4, 5 but studies on this animal from the sea of the eastern coast of India that is the Bay of Bengal is yet to be reported. The aim of this research is to identify TTX in the crude extract from Diodon hystrix collected from Chennai Coastal line and to investigate the Genotoxicity of the crude extract from respective organs using h uman leukocyte culture and onion root tips.Materials and ordersSample assemblingThe puffer fish was collected from the coastal lines of marina beach, Chennai in early July 2014. The identification of the puffer fish was done by visual comparison with an online fish database www.fishbase.org. The database parameters were send accordingly to sample collection site and the possible species available in Bay-of-Bengal region with the matching morphology were only two types of Diodon sp.. Out of which Diodon hystrix had the closest match, based on the skin coloration pattern.Organ separation and extraction processThe collected puffer fish were dissected and visceral organs like liver, intestine, kidney, eye, and skin were take away and organs were weighed. The isolation for the tetrodotoxin3 include from the samples 10 grams of organs were taken and Then suspended in 100ml of three stack of 1% acetic acid in methanol without damaging the tissues then the whole materials were in the R efrigerator for 24 hours at a sterile condition, as an pensiveness period In the next step the tissue were macerated in a mortar and pestle gently, if the tissues get dried up add required volume of the chilled ethanol if needed. Then the slurry were filtered by using whatman no. 1 filter paper. Then the filtrate solutions were centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 degree Celsius. Then the supernatant were separated and lastly the samples were concentrated by using lyophilisation to obtain crude extracts for our purpose of studyDragendorffs testTo identify the presence of alkaloids 10 to 2mg of crude extracts 5ml of distilled water were added and then 2M hydrochloric acid was added until an acid reaction occurs. To this 1 ml of Dragendorffs reagent was added. Formation of o freewheel or orange red precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloidsGasChromatography-Mass SpectrometryGas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS)81112forms an effective combination for Chemica l analysis. GC-MS analysis were an indirect method to detect TTX in a crude extract,which was difficult to purify in other advanced analysis methods. In this method, we dissolved TTX and its derivatives in 2 ml of 3 M NaOH and heated in a b covering water bath for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the alkaline solution of decomposed compounds was adjusted to pH 4.0 with 1N HCl and the resulting salmagundi was chromatographed on a Sep- Pak C18 cartridge (Waters). After washing with H2O first and then 10% MeOH, 100% MeOH fraction were collected and evaporated to dryness in vacuo. To the resulting residue, a mixture of N, O-bis acetamide, trimethylchlorosilane and pyridine (2 1 1) was added to generate trimethylsilyl (TMS) C9-base compounds. The derivatives were then placed in a Hewlett Packard gas chromatograph (HP-5890-II) equipped with a mass spectrometer (AutoSpec, Micromass Inc., UK). A column ( 0.25 mm 250 cm) of UB-5 was used, and the column temperature is increased f rom 180 to 250C at the rate of 5 or 8C/min. The flow rate of inlet helium toter gas were maintained at 20 ml/min. The ionizing voltage is broadly s percentage pointing maintained at 70 eV with the ion source temperature at 200C. see was performed in the mass range of m/z 40600 at 3s intervals. The total ion chromatogram (TIC) and the fragment ion chromatogram (FIC) were selectively monitored.Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopyIn UV spectroscopy, TTX was generally determined by irradiating a crude toxin with UV ignite 1112. A small amount of samples were dissolved in 2 ml of 2 M NaOH and heated in a boiling water bath for 45 min. After cooling to room temperature, samples were examined in UV spectrum and results were notice in the range 270nm to 280nm.GenotoxicityHuman Leukocyte CultureChromosome preparations were obtained from PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes1415. To the fresh tubes 5ml of Hikaryo XL RPMI ready-mix media and 0.5ml of heparinized Blood (50drops) were added and the meats were mixed gently by shaking. Then Incubated for 72 hours in standing position in an incubator. At the end of 48th hour of incubation, the culture was treated with TTX (0.5ug/ml) (10ul/ 5ml of culture) and again kept it in incubator for another 24 hours. At the end of 24th hour incubation, the culture was thoroughly washed by centrifuging the meat at 1500rpm for 5 minutes, discard the supernatant and add 5ml of RPMI 1640 medium. To the content 60 microliter of colchicine was added and tubes were kept for 20 minutes incubation in incubator at 37oC and the content was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes after incubation. The supernatant was removed and 6ml of pre-warmed 0.075M hypotonic solution was added. The content was mixed using a Pasteur pipette and incubated at 37 oC in incubator for 6 minutes. After incubation the content tube was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was discarded and 6ml of Carnoys fixative was added and mixed vigorously. After fixation the content was kept in room temperature for 1-2 hours. The content was again centrifuged at 1500 rpm and supernatant was removed and this step was continued until pellet becomes white. For the preparation of slides the new slides were first refrigerated and then cell tone ending mix was dropped over the slides and dried immediately on a hot plate, and then was kept in an incubator for proper drying. The slides were then placed in a coplin jar containing Giemsa spying for 4 minutes and destained in a coplin jar containing distilled water for 1 minute. The slides were dried and then viewed under microscope for stained chromosome. . The slides were then viewed under 100X power under oil immersion objective of the microscope to analyze the chromosome aberrations.Onion Root Tip SCE AssayThe onion root tips1, 2-3 cm long, were wet in 100 M 5-bromodeoxy uridine (BrdUrd) for almost 20 h followed by 1 hour treatment with the crude extract After a legal brief wash, the root s were allowed to grow for another round in growing media. The treatments were terminated by washing the roots with distilled water and then 0.05% Colchicine was added then incubated for 2.5 h. Roots were washed, excised and dogged in Carnoys fixative, for 1-3hrs and preserved at 4C. The roots were processed using cytology methods for SCE analysis.. The roots were then hydrolysed in 5 N HCI at 25C for 92 min and stained with haematoxylin for at least 2hrs. The stained root16 were washed in distilled water, squashed in a drop of 45% acetic acid and tapped for metaphase chromosome separation under coverslips. Tap water dominations were included in the assay. The slides were observe at 100X magnification in oil immersion using light microscopeRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONDragendorffs testFig 1 display result of sample after Dragendorffs testThe alkaloids present in the puffer fish was precipitated as a complex formation by dragendorffs reagent. Dragendorffs test results showed very high rushing in skin and intestine, high precipitation in liver and very low precipitation or almost no precipitation was observed in kidney, gonads and eye.Gas-Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryCharacteristic peak was observed at retention time 8.33 and 8.66 in liver, intestine and skin after performing alkaline treatment and there was no characteristic peak observed in kidney, eyes and gonads. After boiling of samples which contain TTX in alkaline solution (NaOH) the compound TTX present gets reduced to C9 base TMS (trimethysilyl). It is noteworthy that each peak of selected ion monitored at m/z = 376, 392 and 407 appears at the same retention time in the Selected ion-monitored mass chromatogram of the TMS derivatives of alkali-hydrolyzed. From samples of liver, kidney and intestine, mass fragments of ion peaks was observed at ion M/z 376, 392 and 407, which are characteristic of the quinazoline skeleton (C9 base), which was almost similar as those from the TMS-C9 Base derived authentic TTXFig 2 Showing GC-MS spectrum of the TMS derivatives of alkali-hydrolysed toxin from Diodon hystrixUV-spectroscopy In UV analysis method characteristic peaks were observed in all samples. Shoulder peak was observed in liver, intestine and skin, Declining and Inclining Peaks were observed in kidney, eyes and gonads. The UV spectrum is analyze for the characteristic of absorptions, associated with C9-base .The shoulder peaks were observed at 276 nm indicates the formation of C-9 base which were specific to TTX or related substances.Fig 3 Showing chart of UV-spectroscopy of the crude extract from various organs of Diodon hystrix, peak at 276nm indicating the presence of TTX.GenotoxicityHuman Leukocyte AssayMetaphase plates were obtained while observing under 100X magnification in oil immersion using light microscope. It has been observed in all the samples that there were no chromosomal aberration that is structural or numerical chromosomal qualifying were not observed. From this re sult, it can be reported that the crude extract from Diodon hystrix has no clastogenic (breakage of chromosome) or aneugenic (change in chromosomal number) effects. Fig4(left) Showing metaphase plate from control leukocytes. Fig5(right)Showing metaphase plate from crude extract leukocytes.Onion Root Tip SCE AssayThe Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) assay has been reported to be one of the most pure short-term genotoxicity assays because of its capability to identify genotoxins at very low doses (Tucker et al.1993). It has been observed that the crude extract from Skin and intestine enhanced SCE significantly over the control while the Liver, Eye, Gonads and Kidney have very low effects. Therefore it can be put forth that the crude extract from skin and intestine interfere to a great deal with the SCE and further studies need to be carried out.Fig6(left) Showing result of SCE in control onion root tip. Fig7(right) Showing result of SCE in crude extract root tip.ConclusionFrom the s tudy, it can be reported that Diodon hystrix from the eastern coastal region of India, observed to have accumulated TTX in its organs. therefore it can be toxic when ingested and even lethal to the predators. Nevertheless further studies should be carried out on this fish to confirm the presence of a homologue of TTX and obtain a purified sample of the TTX.ReferencesSamanta S.Khora, Kamal K.Panda and Brahma B.Panda (1997) Genotoxicity of tetrodotoxin from puffer fish tested in root meristem cells of Allium cepa L. Mutagenesis vol.12 no.4 pp.265-269Keyvan Mirbakhsh, Ulf Gransson Tetrodotoxin evolutionary selection and pain relief carry in Biological Active Natural Products in Drug discovery A8/C, 5p. Distanse course Fall 2004 Department of Medicinal Chemistry Division of Pharmacognosy Uppsala University.Firoz Ahmed, Aamir Javed, Anup Baranwal, Annu Kumari, Farnaz Mozafari Parvathi Chandrappa (2013)EXTRACTION OF TETRODOTOXIN FROM globefish FISH, DIODON LITUROSUS FROM SOUTH ANDAM AN SEA. G.J B.A.H.S., Vol.2 (2) 201358-6, ISSN 2319 5584.Teetske F. Van Gorcum, Max Janse, Marianne E.C. Leenders, Irma de Vries, Jan Meulenbelt (2006) Intoxication following minor stabs from the spines of a porcupine fish clinical. Toxicology , 2006, 44(4) p. 391- 393.Vaishali Bane, Mary Lehane, Madhurima Dikshit, Alan ORiordan and Ambrose Furey (2014) Tetrodotoxin Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection. Toxins 2014, 6, 693-755, ISSN 2072-6651.Bragadeeswaran S, Therasa D, Prabhu K, Kathiresan K (2010) biomedical and pharmacological potential of tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria isolated from marine pufferfish Arothron hispidus (Muller, 1841). The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases ISSN 1678-9199 2010 volume 16 issue 3 pages 421-431.J. S. OliveiraI O. R. Pires JuniorII R. A. V. MoralesII, III C. Bloch JuniorIII C. A. SchwartzII J. C. FreitasI (2003) Toxicity of puffer fish two species (Lagocephalus laevigatus, linaeus 1766 and Sph oeroides spengleri, Bloch 1785) from the Southeastern Brazilian coast. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis vol.9 no.1 Botucatu 2003, ISSN 1678-9199.Tamao Noguchi, Kazue Onuki and Osamu Arakawa (2011) Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Due to Pufferfish and Gastropods, and Their Intoxication Mechanism. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Toxicology Volume 2011, Article ID 276939, 10 pages.Niharika Mandal, Soumya Jal, K. Mohanapriya and S. S. Khora (2013) judgment of toxicity in puffer fish (Lagocephalus lunaris) from South Indian coast. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 7(30), pp. 2146-2156, ISSN 1996-0816Md. Moyen Uddin Pk, Rumana Pervin, Dr.Yearul Kabir, Dr. Nurul Absar (2013) PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND BRINE shrimp LETHALITY BIOASSAY OF WARM-WATER EXTRACT OF PUFFER FISH ORGANS TISSUES, TETRAODON CUTCUTIA, AVAILABLE IN BANGLADESH. Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research 2 (5) 2013, 14-18, ISSN 2279 0594Nagashima, Y., J. Maruyama , T. Noguchi andK. Hashimoto (1987) Analysis of paralyticshellfish poison and tetrodotoxin by ionpairing high performance liquid chromatography.Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 531 819-8Nakamura, M. and T, Yasumoto (1985)Tetrodotoxin derivatives in puffer fish.Toxicon 23 271-273Myoung Ja Lee,Dong-Youn Jeong, Woo-Seong Kim,Hyun-Dae Kim,Cheorl-Ho Kim,Won-Whan Park,Yong-Ha Park,Kyung Sam Kim,Hyung-Min Kim and Dong Soo Kim(2000) A tetratoxin producing Vibrio Strain ,LM-1 from the puffer fish Fugu vermicularisradiates.Appl.Environ.Micribial.Vol.66 no 4 1698-1701Moorhead, P.S., P.C. Nowell, W.J. Mellman, D.N. Batipps and D.A.Hungerford Chromosome preparations of leucocytes cultures fromhuman peripheral blood. Exp. Cell. Res., 20, 613-616 (1960).Hungerford, D.A., 1965. Leukocytes cultured fromsmall inocula of whole blood and the preparationof metaphase chromosomes by treatment with Hypotonic KCl. Stain Technol., 40 333-338.Perry, P. and S. Wolff New giemsa method for differential staining of sister chromatids. 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Developing a Moral Community with Limited Resources

Developing a Moral Community with Limited ResourcesDwayne PotenteauDuring one of my experiences in hospital I was assigned to a nurse in Telemetry. The nurse (we will c every her Susan) had been on shift for about an hour and was already working at a torrid pace. In addition to the clients she had to proctor which were 8 in total, the Rn was also assigned 6 endurings to foreboding for. Most of the clients were from ICU or had been assigned to her due to the overflow from the emergency department. oneness patient in particular (Mrs. smith) had multiple symptoms starting with hepatic encephalitis with ascites and varices, diabetes, and had been admitted due to atrial fibrillation which had been downgraded to a controlled rate of atrial fibrillation when the nurse came on. The time necessitate to bearing for this complex client had to be somehow scheduled into the nurses duties to condole with for the clients on telemetry in conjunction with the other 5 clients. The new order for Mrs Smith had also been multifariousnessd and a new large dose of 22 units of rapid and 42 units of NPH insulin had been modified by the physician. The nurse questioned the order and stated her concerns over the acid but was told to administer and monitor the client. The dosage along with the particular(a) amount of time to monitor the client posed a larger concern for develop hypoglycemia. The nurse then c wholeed in her manager stating the issues of providing care with special time and care for complex patients. The manager stated that the nurse just has to deal with it as there was no help available at this time. Reflecting on the experience I felt accentuateed and a little overwhelmed at the idea of being responsible for so many patients with little time, resources and support. I responded to the situation by providing some relational practice as this was a community experience and I could not actually do much but shadow the nurse. The nurse did not experience the time or adequate support in stave to care for the clients other than their immediate urgent needs. The biggest honorable issue I had was determining how could a nurse fulfill their nursing duty to provide safe, sorrow competent care with bound resources.The rising costs of health care have increased the number of clients the nurses must care for and are under stress to keep costs down. As a future nurse, this means taking on a larger workload. When resources are low nurses face the problem of fulfilling the respectable responsibility of prioritizing care while trying to maintain a high professional metre of client centered care for all patients(Canadian Nurses AssociationCNA, 2008). The other ethical concern is where do we go to express our concerns when issues such as limited resources prevent us from performing our ethical duties? The last is the amount and quality of care we give when our nursing set are compromised by limited resources.Rationing CareThe aforementioned issue r evolves around the allocation of resources also k instantaneouslyn as rationing of care. In nursing, rationing of care can be defined as the withdrawal of necessary components due to the lack of resources (Carryer, 2014 Tonnessen, Nortvedt, Forde, 2011).The reasons for rationing of resources for health care can be think to 3 main levels. Societal where funding for health care is provided from the government, Institutional, where health authorities and agencies rule which programs receive funding, and individual where professionals determine how to treat individual clients (CNA, 2000). Nurses face the scarcity of resources on a daily basis. This type of infrastructure pressures have forced nurses to make ethical decisions such as distributive justice(Tonnessin et al. 2011). Tonnessin et al. (2011) states that distributive justice is the allocation of resources to those who need it most. The In order to decipher who receives care nurses very much need to make these decisions quickl y and effectively. To make these decisions, nurses often call upon their own prioritize their clinical judgements. The hastened assessments and interventions increase the chance of reduced patient care outcomes (Papastravou, Andreou, Vryonides, 2014). The imbalance between time to care for the client and the stresses of limited resources leads to moral distress in deciding what is best for the client as the individual or community as client. Susan had shown that she was torn between serving all her clients and at bleeding to the most critical.Corporate Influence AllocationUtilitarianism is defined as the benefit of the whole outweighs the benefits of the individual. By maximizing time allotted for in affectionateness for the client, the nurse performs only the most necessary procedures. This process deviates from the individualistic care that is required in nursing. Reduction in time allocated for patients, reduced beds, and lengths of stay all lead to reduced care and capacity for choice in a clients health (CNA, 2000). Part of the reason for the stresses can be linked to the health care system that determines allocation of resources. According to the CNA, corporate values and resulting policy are determine resource allocation by means of the ideology of economic science and scarcity (CNA, 2000). The ideology revolves around the notion that economics and unattainable resources contribute to and justify limited resources for nurses(CNA, 2000). Urban (2014) furthers the corporate culture of scarcity by noting that nurses have come to accept the idea of reduced time, staff, and resources as part of their normal working environment. The fact that nurses had to work with inadequate resources while still being in fiscal matters responsible and giving safe effective care had to has lead many nurses to a state of moral/ethical distress.Moral/Ethical DistressThe pattern of moral/ethical distress is ever-changing. Even the grave of Ethics which is the governing bo dy for assisting nurses in their decision making has modified over the years. According to the CNA the book of account expectation had been removed in the 2008 definition of ethical/moral distress (CNA, 2002). Although the definition encompasses what nurses feel when working with limited resources the removal of the word shows an acceptance of the changing culture. The actual definition for ethical/moral distress has changed so has the duty to assist persons to achieve their optimum level of health in situations of normal health, illness, injury, or in the process of dying (CNA, 1997, p.8). The removal of this component of nursing duty clearly shows the effects of limited resources. In particular the omission of the word optimum has been removed from the standards, and only found in the definition of global health (CNA, 2008). The removal of the word optimal contradicts the actualization of limited beds for patients and bedside care. The contradiction can promote the difference in how nurses have been educated in providing care and the care they actually give. The discrepancy in giving care due to limited resources leads nowadays to moral distress. The leading element of moral distress is the lack of time spent with the patient (CNA, 2000). Limited time leads to reduced care, opposing ethical values of how a patient ought to be treated.Moral Community for NursesMoral Community is defined as a community where values are understood and apply to guide ethical actions of the community (CNA, 2008). Although the actual issue of limited resources may not be directly addresses at the nursing level within a hospital, setting up a moral community in the department is a good first step. Nurses have knowledge in direct patient care and the education to determine what role and working environment they want to participate in. In order to address moral distress due to limited resources nurses need to work with their fellow nurses, managers, and policy makers to make thes e changes. Examples are nurses communicating on ethical issues through their unit and ethical committees in the hospital. Park notes that nurses tend to deal with ethical issues using their own beliefs and values rather than using ethical committees. In addition Kalish (2009) notes that repercussions on speaking about on ethical issues may deter nurses from participating in ethical discussion or committees. To have the courage to face the stresses of the current nursing environment nurses must press moral courage. Moral courage is the ability of a nurse to remain loyal to their moral belief or principle when faced with fear or threats (CNA, 2008).The role of moral courage and ways to address ethical concerns, and moral ethical dilemmas can also be found in nursing associations such as ARNBC (Association of Registered Nurses of BC), and CRNBC (College of Registered Nurses of BC). Since 2005 CRNBC had moved from an association towards a regulatory body and in doing so, had left gaps in how nurses can communicate ethical issues such as limited resources. One of the resources that has been available since 2013 is ARNBC. ARNBCs mandate to provide communication and act as a voice for the nurses of BC, and also work towards sustainable practices and support structures for nurses (ARNBC, 2015). Since 2005, nurses had no real place to communicate ethical issues such as limited resources and although they had the union, no real avenue to tackle the policy issues or to influence change in their community. In order to improve working conditions ARNBC can support nurses through inter collaboration, and supporting professional practice and advancement of the profession. Through these avenues, nurses now have a way to address their ethical concerns not solely focused on limited resources.Another avenue to address limited resources is through CRNBC. Through crnbc nurses can address the limited resources by defining the issue, communication, documentation, and intercollaborat ion. Defining the issue in the case with susan, claritfication on allocation of 6 patients which is more than the standard amount of patients. Nurses should communicate their problems with their managers and coordinators.ConclusionWhen providing patient care, observation to what is present and what is influencing nursing practice is crucial to improving overall care. Limited resources leads to rationing of care resulting in less bedside care for patients and presents and ethical dilemma in upholding ourReferencesAssociation of Registered Nurses of BC. (2015). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http//www.arnbc.ca/about-us/about-us.phpBurston, A., Tuckett, A. (2012). Moral distress in nursing Contributing factors, outcomes, and interventions. Nursing ethics (20).3. 312 324Canadian Nurses Association. (2008). Code of ethics for registered nurses. Retrieved from http//www.cna-aiic.ca/ CNA/documents/pdf/publications/Code_of_Ethics_2008_e.pdfCanadian Nurses Association. (2000). Working wi th limited resources Nurses moral constraints. Ethics in practice. ISSN 1480 9990. Ottawa. ONCarryer, J. (2014) The consequences of rationing care. Kai tiaki nursing new Zealand. (20). 6Kalisch., B. Landstrom., G. Hinshaw., A. (2009). Missed nursing care A concept analysis. Journal of advanced nursing (65) 7, 1509 1517Papastravou., E. Andreou., P. Vryonides., S. (2014). The hidden ethical element of nursing care rationing. Nursing ethics. (21) 5 583 593Park, M. (2009). Ethical issues in nursing practice. Journal of nursing law. (13).3. 68 77Tonnessin., S. Nortvdet., P. Forde., R. (2011). Rationing home based nursing care Professional ethical implications. Nursing Ethics (18), 3. 386 396Urban, A. (2014). Taken for allow Normalizing nurses work in hospitals. Nursing inquiry. (21). 1. 69 78

Leadership Competencies: Garbage Can Model

Leadership Competencies Garbage Can ModelThere be two major conclusiveness making models. The refuse can finality making model is reality based, and intended to extend the understanding of organizational decision making by accentuating a time-based context (the lieu at one point in time) and accepting chaos as reality. This is typical decision making in the emergency room of a infirmary the expertise of the medical team is vital. Rational (willful choice) decision-making models are a subset of reality-based models (Ledlow Coppola, 2011). In an emergency room situation, willful choice principles are mentally checked mutilate by physicians at roughly the speed of light.Choice is guided by four basic principles (1) unambiguous (knowing which questions are relevant) awareness of another possibility (2) likelihood and knowledge of significances (3) a rational and reliable priority system for alternate ordering and (4) heuristics or decision rules to choose an alternative (Ledlow C oppola, 2011). After a decision is made using the garbage can decision method, rational choices are made regarding implementation.The garbage can model is quite different from traditional decision-making models. It assumes that organizations are a long way from flawless and work in a condition of insurgency (without guidelines), where hierarchical inclinations and procedures are indistinct to the individuals from the association and policy makers in the association change frequently. The garbage can model assumes that no authoritative procedure for finding an answer for an issue exists and that decision makers are separated from issues and arrangements (Bugajenko, 2003). twain willful choice and garbage can decision models are utilized in health organizations. The willful choice, or rational, model accepts that individuals in associations settle on choices considering reason, in a purposeful way, through an insightful and deliberate procedure that results in an ideal choice. It invo lves six sequential steps 1. Identify the problem. 2. Collect data. 3. inclination of an orbit all possible solutions. 4. Test possible solutions. 5. Select the best course of action. 6. Implement the solution based on the decision made (Ledlow Coppola, 2011).The garbage can, or reality-based, hypothesis accept that decisions are made on a messy and indiscriminate premise, like satisficing or wading through. In health care associations members in the decision-making process regularly have clashing viewpoints of the issue, have restricted time and assets to gather information, and are obliged to consider every conceivable solution by regulatory compliance requirements. In addition, time and money limits make it irrational to test all conceivable arrangements (Problem Solving and Decision Making in health Organizations, n.d.) Use of both decision-making tools is vital in such instances as mental health, providing a greater range of important input in treatment decision making (Stra uss, Lawless, Sells, 2009). Overall, it is shown that in the medical industry, both willful choice and garbage can decision making models are instrumental in the successful voice communication of healthcare.ReferencesBugajenko, O. (2003). The garbage can model of decision making. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http//study.com/academy/lesson/the-garbage-can-model-of-decision-making.htmlLedlow, G. R., Coppola, M. N. (2011). Leadership for Health Professionals Theory, Skills and Applications (14th ed.). Retrieved from https//bookshelf.vitalsource.com//books/9781449626440/cfi/6/4/4/2/14/8/26/emailprotected0Maister, D. (2001). Davidmaister.Com garbage can decision making. Retrieved February 3, 2017, from David Maister Professional Business Professional Life, http//davidmaister.com/articles/garbage-can-decision-making/Problem Solving and Decision Making in Health Organizations. Retrieved February 3, 2017, from Frates Health Care, file///G/HSM410/07ch_frates_health_care_1.pdfStrauss, J., Lawless, M. S., Sells, D. (2009). Becoming expert and understanding mental illness. Psychiatry, 72(3), 211-21. doihttps//search.proquest.com/docview/220676554?accountid=41759

the taliban :: essays research papers

As I started to think about what aspect of terrorism I treasured to write a paper on, it occurred to me that I didnt really know much about the Taliban chemical group. Which is one of the major terrorist groups in todays society. So I am going to try and explain this group the best that I can. In couple different aspects, one is what their rules are, two how they treat women, and trio what types of terrorist acts they direct committed. The Taliban group is a group of men who formed in 1994 in the country of Kandahar by Islamic students who took a radical approach to construe Islam. The Group also believes in strict Islamic rules. According to them the men must have beards four fingers in length, there shall be no music, Nintendo, and women should non be allowed to do anything other than stay home and watch the children and clean the house. This Taliban group when first started had about twenty to thirty thousand men involved. The group now controls about 80% or two thirds of A fghanistan land. Prior to the war no one other than the NMA (Northern Military Alliance) has really put up a fight or even thought about taking down the Taliban. The only thing that has challenged the Taliban group is the Northern Military Alliance and the only positivistic gain they have had was to keep their one-third part of Afghanistan. The only thing left to do for the Afghan people is either to give in to the magisterial Taliban group or turn to the NMA and help get their country back to the pre-Communist era that it was before the Taliban group took over.Taliban beliefs are strict and to the point. If you get caught committing a criminal offense you are likely to get the extreme punishment for your crime. The Taliban is not afraid to show off their force when dealing with people that commit crimes. The Taliban regime has false soccer stadiums into viewing grounds of executions. Men are running around the stadium with amputated hands as others cheer. The Taliban regime is not to be reckoned with. If a charr is out with out her veil her home will be marked and her husband will face punishment. The regime believes that a man must have a long beard and may not have his hair beatle-ly or he will have his head shaved along with being arrested.

The Context of Unrelated Incidents :: Unrelated Incidents Tom Leonard Essays

The Context of Unrelated IncidentsWhat is from Unrelated Incidents about?this is thisix a clocknews thiman said nthi reasona talk wiaBBC accentiz coz yiwidny wahntmi ti talkaboot thitrooth wiavoice likwanna yooscruff. ifa toktabootthi troothlik wanna yooscruff yiwidny thingkit wuz troo.jist wanna yooscruff tokn.thirza rightway ti small-armana right wayto tok it. thisis me tokn yirright way aspellin. thisis ma trooth.yooz doant nothi troothyirsellz cawzyi canny talkright. this isthe six a clocknyooz. belt up.* The metrical composition seems to be spoken by a BBC newsreader.* He or she explains why the BBC thinks it is important to read the news in a BBC accent no one leave behind take the news seriously if its read with a voice lik / wanna yoo / scruff.It is not that simple, though* He or she speaks here in the accent of an ordinary speaker system/viewer - just the kind of voice which the newsreader is rejecting.* A newsreader would never really reveal his or her prejudices di rectly to the viewer in this way. So what the newsreader says in this poem perhaps needs to be seen as the unspoken message (or sub-text) of the way the news is presented.Try re-writing the same poem in Standard English. Would it carry thesame trooth?Structure and LanguageStructureThe poem is carefully written in a phonetic version of the Glasgowaccent. If you pronounce it incisively as its written, it should soundmore or less like a Glaswegian voice. Try to listen to Tom Leonardsown reading of this poem, which is on the BBC TV programme Roots andWater Poems from Other Cultures and Traditions.LanguageThe poet has played with language in a number of ways, apart from thephonetic spelling* There is just about no punctuation.* There are lots of slang and colloquial words (scruff, belt up).* The newsreader talks directly to the reader (or viewer).How do these features add to the effectivity of the poem? Forexample, there is a mismatch between the conventional image of BBCnewsreaders , and what this one is saying - calling the viewers yooscruff and telling them to belt up.The lines of the poem are very short. What effect does this have(especially when you read it aloud)? Does it make the poem soundserious or derisory?Tone and IdeasHow would you read this poem?* Is it an amusing poem?* Is it a serious poem?Perhaps it is both.Is the poet arguing that this is actually the way the media thinkabout us?